Brilliant and excellent write up.

But what is the real problem ? (getting editing and feedback in a simple way)

Textarea or contenteditable provide support for editing, but not for syntax highliting or fancy functions - or to have them, the usual is to write all needed for editing from the ground - because it's not possible to control content of editable in other way than by operating ranges of selection (like startOfsset and endOffset, regarding to startContainer and endContainer - and if they are equal, that's the cursor).

But it's very convinient to get both: contenteditable and syntax just by aligning precisely one over another, then get rid of few corner cases - as you can see below.

I made it once in Firefox 23+- in very minimal way. I applied it by userContent.css with @-moz-document regexp("^.*#?\\.(css|js|jsm)$") { .. }, it was working with view-source: as well, without making any changes to the original document (half transparent anonymous content over it), very little was needed to keep it in sync (or to have a handy feature to highligt same words as under cursor when Ctrl key is pressed) and.. you could just save the document after editing.

    @-moz-document  regexp("^.\*#?\\.(css|js|jsm)$") {
  html>body>pre { -moz-binding: url(hilite.xml#hilite) !important; }
  div { position:absolute; pointer-events:none; }
  div, pre, span{ white-space:pre !important; background:transparent; .. }
  ::-moz-selection { background: #d0e0d0 !important;}
 }

    <binding id="hilite" bindToUntrustedContent="true">
     <content  
      ><xht:div> </xht:div
      ><children /></content>
      <implementation><constructor><![CDATA[
        .. // "http://softwaremaniacs.org/soft/highlight/en/", version: 7.3.0 ..
 this.sync =function(){
  var t=this.replace(/<br>/g,'\n').replace(/&nbsp;/g,' ').replace(/&lt;/g,'<<>')
            .replace(/&gt;/g,'<>>').replace(/&amp;/g,'<&>');
  t=hilite(t, this.word).replace(/<<>/g,'<span><</span>')
            .replace(/<>>/g,'<span>></span>').replace(/<&>/g,'<span>&</span>')
  this.e0.innerHTML= t;
 };
 this.keydownt = function(e){          // filtering keycodes
   if ((e.keyCode == 9)&&(!e.ctrlKey)){
     document.execCommand('insertHTML',false,'\t'); e.preventDefault(); } ..  } //tab 
 this.keydownf = function(e){ 
   if(e.ctrlKey) getWord();  setTimeout(function() {sync();}, 0); ..  }
 setTimeout(function(){  
   document.body.setAttribute('spellcheck',"false"); this.contentEditable = true;
   this.e0=document.getAnonymousNodes(this)[0];
   this.textContent=this.innerHTML.replace(/&nbsp;/g,' ').replace(/&amp;/g,'&')
                                  .replace(/&lt;/g,'<').replace(/&gt;/g,'>');
   sync();  this.focus();     }, 0, false);
 ]]></constructor></implementation></binding></bindings>