Side note: Can somebody explain the difference between real, user, and sys? I understand that real is basically the time spent from start to finish (which can be affected by other processes), whereas user and sys consider the amount of time where the CPU was actually busy running a program (not waiting for other things like I/O). For example, what is the meaning of user and sys from this example? [1]:

    $ time wget https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.1.28/virtualbox-6.1_6.1.28-147628~Ubuntu~eoan_amd64.deb

    real   0m8.515s
    user   0m0.125s
    sys    0m0.487s

[1] https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/linux-time-command

[2] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10265162/the-meaning-of-...

That's a very interesting article, thanks. Interesting to note that Cython is only about twice as fast as Python 3.10 and only about 40% faster than Python 3.11.

The official Python site advertises a speedup of 25% from 3.10 to 3.11; in the article a speedup of 60% was measured. It therefore usually makes sense to measure different algorithms. Unfortunately there is no Python or C++ implementation yet for https://github.com/smarr/are-we-fast-yet.