> Marketplace developers must provide Apple a stand-by letter of credit from an A-rated (or equivalent by S&P, Fitch, or Moody’s) financial Institution of €1,000,000 prior to receiving the entitlement. It will need to be auto-renewed on a yearly basis.
Totally rules out something like F-Droid.
> Marketplace developers will need to pay €0.50 for each first annual install of their marketplace app.
This is not going to happen. "Pay us fifty cents per user per year, forever, for the privilege of competing with us" is a joke, it will not be tolerated by EU regulators.
I feel less certain about the CTF charged to app developers, but the CTF applied to marketplaces is flagrantly anti-competitive.