You're already using IntelliJ just use tracepoints and get a ton of advantages without forgetting prints in production. Stop living in the 70s, that quote makes sense when you're building a kernel not a modern user space app.
I never heard it called caveman debugging before but I love the name.
I am a huge fan of print debugging. Debuggers have their place, but most of the time print is just easier and it fits better into my mental model.
Ever since I was gifted with a Kontron chip emulator debugger for my work in Assembly language, and enjoyed total control over my universe, I almost simultaneously discovered that using it greatly slowed down my debugging. It made me lazy. I bet Sauron would have won MiddleEarth if he wasn’t so hung up on his Palantir stone.
Ever since, I redoubled my effort to use my brain for debugging, plus simple print statements and logging. Only when I am ready to jump out a window do I fire up a debugger.
(BTW, for three years I was in charge of the Borland Turbo Debugger test team.)