I believe Kivy ( http://kivy.org/docs/gettingstarted/intro.html ) is Python and can deploy to iOS (although it looks like a horrible faff - http://kivy.org/docs/guide/packaging-ios.html )
although a small user base, Monkey-x is quite fun (and compiles to native iOS!):
Xamarin gives partial Visual Basic support along with full support for C#.
C++ or Delphi (pascal) via Embarcadero
Yes. Lua, JavaScript, Ruby (http://www.rubymotion.com), Java, C#, and pretty much any language that can talk to C (that's almost all of them) and embed and disable JIT (harder for some).
It doesn't mean it's easy to write an app though because you need to make a bridge to C and Obj-C. The languages above, people have already done so through varying techniques.