This goes a bit in a different direction, but it should help.
"SQL and NoSQL are two sides of the same coin, mathematically"
I can't recommend enough the book Seven Databases in Seven Weeks by Eric Redmond & Jim Wilson. It covers the whole range of different types of databases, with just a little bit of theory (the CAP theorem).
I would recommend Martin Fowler's NoSQL Distilled : http://martinfowler.com/books/nosql.html
have a look at mongodb. It has excellent documentation, community support. www.mongodb.org/
The Little MongoDB Book might help. It doesn't answer all your questions but it gave me enough background (albeit MongoDB specific) to learn more. It's also a fairy short read. http://openmymind.net/mongodb.pdf